First the treats, then the tough stuff
Bacteria have a dining plan when degrading algal blooms
Each spring in the North Sea, tiny algae grow in large numbers and release loads of sugar into the water – a feast for bacteria. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology and the University of Greifswald have now investigated the order of the bacterial menu: first the easy-to-digest yummy pieces, then the chewy stuff. This insight was only possible by investigating special bacterial proteins that could be key for understanding marine carbon cycling.
The annually occurring algal spring blooms play an important role for our climate, as they remove large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, they are an ephemeral phenomenon. Most of the carbon is released into the water once the algae die. There, bacteria are already waiting to finish them off and consume the algal remains.
Previous studies have shown that in these blooms, different algae can come out on top each year. However, within the bacteria subsequently degrading the algae, the same specialised groups prevail year after year. Apparently not the algae themselves but rather their components – above all chains of sugar molecules, the so-called polysaccharides – determine which bacteria will thrive. However, the details of the bacterial response to the algal feast are still not fully understood.
Metaproteomics: Studying bacterial proteins in bulk
Seasonal blooms of tiny algae play an important role in marine carbon cycling. Now a new detail of the surrounding mysteries has been uncovered.
Therefore, Ben Francis together with colleagues from the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, the University of Greifswald and the MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences at the University of Bremen now took a closer look at the bacterial insides. “We decided to center on a method called metaproteomics, which involves studying all proteins in a microbial community, in our case in the seawater”, Francis explains. “In particular, we looked at transporter proteins, whose activity is critical in understanding the uptake of algal sugars into bacterial cells.“ In the metaproteomic data, the scientists saw that these transporter proteins distinctly changed over time. “We saw a pronounced shift in the abundance of transporter proteins predicted to be involved in uptake of different types of polysaccharide”, Francis continues. “This indicates that the bacteria start off by mostly focusing on the 'easy to degrade' substrates, such as laminarin and starch. Then later on they move on and attack the 'harder to degrade' polymers composed of mannose and xylose.”
One sugar after the other
In other words, the bacteria take the easy road first, and only when the treats have been consumed, they aim for the chewy bits. When does this shift happen? Ben Francis and his colleagues see two possible triggers: It could either take place when competition for the easy food sources gets more intense, because the bacteria reproduce quickly in this lush environment and thus cell numbers increase. Or, alternatively, it depends more on the algae: Once the algal bloom breaks down and more algae have died, more of the hard substrates accumulate and they become a viable food source at that point.
Even though the scientists from Bremen and Greifswald have studied the dynamics of algal and bacterial blooms in the North Sea for a long time, this temporal course was something that had so far gone undetected. “Combining state-of-the-art proteomics techniques with sample preparation methods, which specifically consider the high complexity of these very challenging samples, enabled us to establish one of the most comprehensive proteome data set with more than 20 000 protein groups. These data revealed that substrate specificities of transporter proteins change over time. These changes were not visible in the corresponding metagenomic data set used to investigate bacterial diversity”, says Dörte Becher from the University of Greifswald. “It clearly shows that we need to dig very deep to understand the underlying ecological processes that govern marine carbon cycling.” Quantifying transporter proteins could indeed become an important piece in solving the highly complex puzzle of marine carbon cycling.
Combination of methods allows new insights
“This detailed 'meta-proteogenomic' study combines the exceptional expertise of the University of Greifswald in the identification and quantification of proteins in complex environmental samples with our expertise in molecular microbial ecology”, says Rudolf Amann, co-author on the study and director of the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen. “Our results indicate that the complex heterotrophic microbiome of the North Sea reacts to phytoplankton blooms not only in substrate-driven successions of recurrent bacterial species, but also in distinct changes of the expression of transporter proteins and degradative enzymes.” Ultimately, it will be the combination of various methods that will advance our knowledge of the molecules, enzymatic reactions, and rates underlying the marine carbon cycle, which is a prerequisite for predicting and managing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
