Hate crimes: The impact of imprisonment on violent juvenile offenders

What effect do criminal sanctions and prison terms have on the development and self-perception of juvenile xenophobic criminal offenders? During the 1990s, a large scale flaring up of violent hate motivated crimes, carried out by young right-wing and xenophobic men, fell within the direct spotlight of research into violence and criminological policy. Hate crimes designate a set of criminal offences which are committed against those who, because of certain social characteristics such as religion, ethnicity, disability or sexual orientation, are labelled as belonging to another social group.